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Nearly 300,000 years ago, Neanderthals had already figured out how to hunt mountain goats along vertical cliffs and process them in well-organised camps.

Known for ambushing large animals in Western Europe’s flat meadows and forests, it seems Neanderthals adapted to the hills of Eastern Europe by adding nimble ibex to their hunting regime. The early humans skinned and butchered the animals in a nearby cave before roasting their bones for marrow and grease, showing impressive skill and knowledge far earlier than expected, says at the University of Belgrade in Serbia.

“The approach of hunting ibex is completely different, because it lives on a very rugged and steep, barren terrain,” he says. “We now see that early Neanderthals – who had barely differentiated themselves anthropologically as a species – were already exploiting ecological niches that no hominin had ever exploited before.”

Neanderthals evolved about 400,000 years ago, but most of what we know about them comes from sites in Western Europe that are younger than 150,000 years. So finding clues that fill in gaps in the Neanderthal timeline, habitat and culture is critical, says at France’s National Museum of Natural History in Paris, who wasn’t involved in the study.

In 2017, archaeologists found Neanderthal remains in an approximately 290,000-year-old layer of the Velika Balanica cave in Serbia, making them .

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Since then, Milošević and his colleagues have discovered hundreds of stone tools and sifted through about 30,000 animal bone fragments in the cave. Nearly three-quarters of the fragments are slivers less than 2 centimetres long, and most of the identifiable ones are from ibex and red deer killed in spring and summer, suggesting the Neanderthals were seasonal cave dwellers.

Some bones – especially long deer legs – were burned and cracked open, meaning these early Neanderthals were probably heating bones to liquefy the marrow for easier extraction and leaving leftover fragments in the hearth so that bone grease would keep the fire burning. Others showed signs of tendon harvesting, possibly for rope or nets.

Deer skeletons represented older youngsters and adults, a sign of selective hunting that promotes herd survival, says Milošević. But the ibex were killed at all life stages – suggesting the Neanderthals were still “rookies” up against mountain goats, probably hunting with sharpened sticks and rudimentary traps. “They most likely had a lot of unsuccessful attempts,” he says.

In addition to these preferred food sources, the researchers also found a few processed remains from wild boar, cave bears, wolves, foxes, leopards and .

The organised positions of the bones in different sections of the cave point to distinct zones for specialised tasks. The hearth was in the centre, for example, with discarded bones piled up behind it, and the entrance appeared to be used as a tool workshop.

Overall, the findings point to “remarkable cognitive flexibility,” says at the University of Murcia in Spain. “It’s a confirmation that Neanderthals were creative problem-solvers, managing complex habitats with ingenuity and skill. Neanderthals were humans – intelligent, social, and extraordinarily adaptive.”

“What emerges from Balanica is the picture of Neanderthals who were not only resilient but already experimenting with strategies and social organisation that we tend to associate with much later periods,” says at the Archaeological Institute of Mérida in Spain. “It reminds us that Neanderthal sophistication was not a late spark, but a deep-rooted flame that ignited surprisingly early in human history.”

Neanderthals, ancient humans and cave art: France

Embark on a captivating journey through time as you explore key Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic sites of southern France, from Bordeaux to Montpellier, with ���ӽ紫ý’s Kate Douglas.

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